Introduction
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A copy will be given in class
Unit 1 Synopsis
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Anatomy and physiology is the study of structures and functions in the human body. In this class, we will discuss the organ systems at each level of organization from cell to organism.
A general overview of A&P
Introduction
Biology and Chemistry Review
Histology (Study of Tissues)
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Articulations
Muscular System
Nervous System
Central NS
Peripheral NS
Special Senses
Endocrine System
Blood
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Immune System
Digestive System
Metabolism
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Embryology
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Affixes and Roots
Each section will have affixes and root words. Understanding these will provide a solid foundation for comprehending scientific and medical terminology.
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Affix quizzes will be given every one to two weeks, we will go over these once, you will be expected to learn these on your own.
ante-
before
dis-
part
homeo-
sameness
intra
within
-ology
study of
physio-
function
post-
after
-section
to cut
inter
between
viscero-
organs
-meter
measure
ana-
apart
pariet-
wall
Definitions
Anatomy: study of structures in organisms
Gross anatomy: macroscopic, big picture
Microanatomy: microscopic, histology (tissues), and cytology (cells)
Physiology: study of functions in organisms
Form Dictates Function​
Levels of Organization in Organisms
Organism
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
Macromolecules
Molecules
Atoms
Characteristics of Life
1. Made of cells
Can be unicellular or multicellular
2. Maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis:
3. Metabolism
Metabolism: sum of all chemical reactions in an organism (catabolic and anabolic)
Catabolic: break down of molecules
Anabolic: building up larger molecules from smaller ones
4. Adaptations
5. Reproduction
Mitosis: somatic cellular duplication
Meiosis: creation of gametes
Binary Fission: asexual reproduction
6. Growth and Development
Growth: getting larger in size
Development: Individuals becoming more complex
Stem Cell: an undifferentiated cell
Differentiation: cells gaining specialized characteristics and job
7. Heredity
Contains DNA and/or RNA
8. Response to Stimuli
Stimulus: change in the environment
Response: how the individual reacts to the stimulus/change
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Feedback Mechanisms
Homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment
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Negative feedback mechanisms: the product of the reaction causes an opposing action to occur
e.g. heart rate, respiration rate, thermoregulation, osmoregulation
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Positive feedback mechanism: the product of the reaction causes more of the same action to occur
e.g. birth, blood clotting
Organ Systems
Movement and stabilization Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
Collect, process, and respond to sensory information; control voluntary and involuntary actions Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs, neurons
Production and secretion of hormones for regulation of the body (growth, metabolism, sexual development) Hypothalamus, glands (e.g. pituitary, adrenal, thyroid)
Gas exchange and nutrient transport to and from cells throughout the body Heart, blood vessels, blood
Gas exchange, taking in oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide Lungs, nose, mouth, trachea, diaphragm
Break down food and absorb nutrients for the body Mouth, stomach, intestines
Maintain water balance, gets rid of waste, regulates blood volume and pressure, and filter blood Kidneys and bladder
Barrier to protect the body from the outside world, temperature regulation, control water loss Skin, hair, nail, accessory glands
Defend, deflect and destroy infectious agents Lymph nodes, blood vessels, thymus, bone marrow, spleen
Skeletal
Support, protection for internal organs
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Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage
Reproductive
Production of offspring, gametes, hormones
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Male: Testes, penis
Female: Vagina, uterus, ovaries
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Cytology
Study of cells
Biochemistry
the study of chemistry in living organisms
Histology
Study of tissues
Anatomy
study of structures
Gross Anatomy
study of structures can be examined without a microscope
Pathophysiology
study of functional changes associated with disease
Systemic Anatomy
focuses on understanding specific organ systems
Physiology
study of function