Chemistry & Biology Review

Transport

Hormones - regulate cell processes

Enzyme- control the rate of biochemical reactions

Contracile - muscles allow movement

Energy

Structure - such as in keratin in hair, nails

Rough has ribosome and therefore will produce proteins. Smooth ER does not have ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.

Most atoms are stable with 8 valence electrons and will form bonds to accomplish this

Osmosis

Hannah

polar bonds are when electrons are unequally shared between atoms and nonpolar is when electrons are equally shared between atoms. (hannah)

Polar molecules have an unequal distribution of charges. For example, in water, the hydrogen will have a partially positive charge whereas the oxygen has a partially negative charge.

Nonpolar molecules have an equal distribution of charges. For example, methane (CH4) has an equal distribution in all bonds.

used primarily for transporting ions

phagocytosis is cell eating & pinocytosis is cell drinking

transport, enzyme, growth, movement

It swells

Takes in water

Mitocondria

the mitochondria, when a cell respires, energy is produced in the form of ATP!

Movement,transport, growth

Uses protein channels to pump molecules across the cell membrane

Specifically, these molecules will typically be ions

Enzymes reduce the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.

they function by lowering the activation energy of a reaction

transport protein

Cilia moves fluid around the while flagella moves the cell around.

cilia are short and more abundant and flagella are long

Water

acidic is 0-6

base is 8-14

7 is neutral on the PH scale -Raleigh

Passive transport flows down the concentration gradient. Meanwhile active transport moves up the concentration gradient.

Passive does not require energy, while active energy does.